Observational learning

Objective: Explain observational learning and model, distinguish their meanings, and apply them to a described case.

Observational learning: Observational learning acquires information or behavior through observing others. Model: A model is the person or example observed during learning. Learning changes behavior or knowledge through experience, with several mechanisms and limits. Classical conditioning concerns predictive associations, while operant procedures concern consequences of behavior. In operant terminology, positive and negative indicate adding and removing, not moral value. Consequences are classified by their observed effects on behavior. Observational learning can occur without immediate performance and depends on attention, memory, ability, and motivation. Application: A learner watches a demonstration before trying a skill. This most directly illustrates observational learning. A demonstrator shows how to complete a task. This most directly illustrates model.

Objective: Explain vicarious reinforcement and imitation, distinguish their meanings, and apply them to a described case.

Vicarious reinforcement: Vicarious reinforcement involves observing another receive a rewarding consequence. Imitation: Imitation reproduces an observed action. Learning changes behavior or knowledge through experience, with several mechanisms and limits. Classical conditioning concerns predictive associations, while operant procedures concern consequences of behavior. In operant terminology, positive and negative indicate adding and removing, not moral value. Consequences are classified by their observed effects on behavior. Observational learning can occur without immediate performance and depends on attention, memory, ability, and motivation. Application: A learner sees a model rewarded for a behavior. This most directly illustrates vicarious reinforcement. A child copies a demonstrated movement. This most directly illustrates imitation.

Objective: Explain self-efficacy and learning versus performance, distinguish their meanings, and apply them to a described case.

Self-efficacy: Self-efficacy is belief in one's ability to perform a particular task. Learning versus performance: Acquisition of knowledge can differ from its visible expression in a situation. Learning changes behavior or knowledge through experience, with several mechanisms and limits. Classical conditioning concerns predictive associations, while operant procedures concern consequences of behavior. In operant terminology, positive and negative indicate adding and removing, not moral value. Consequences are classified by their observed effects on behavior. Observational learning can occur without immediate performance and depends on attention, memory, ability, and motivation. Application: A learner judges whether they can complete a specific challenge. This most directly illustrates self-efficacy. A learner knows an observed sequence but does not immediately perform it. This most directly illustrates learning versus performance.