African state-building and social change

Objective: Explain postcolonial state-building and commodity dependence, distinguish their meanings, and apply them to a described case.

Postcolonial state-building: State-building develops institutions amid inherited constraints and new political choices. Commodity dependence: Dependence on a narrow export base can expose economies to price changes. Cold War and postcolonial histories combined external pressures with local goals and choices. Nonalignment sought autonomy through varied policies rather than absolute absence of alliances or cooperation. Development and political transitions produced uneven benefits and burdens. A familiar case cannot represent an entire continent. Distinguish a change in state institutions from the persistence or transformation of social and economic inequalities. Application: A government expands administrative capacity after independence. This most directly illustrates postcolonial state-building. A state's revenue varies with one major exported resource. This most directly illustrates commodity dependence.

Objective: Explain apartheid and anti-apartheid struggle, distinguish their meanings, and apply them to a described case.

Apartheid: Apartheid institutionalized racial domination in South Africa through laws and coercive practices. Anti-apartheid struggle: The struggle involved organizing, resistance, repression, and international connections. Cold War and postcolonial histories combined external pressures with local goals and choices. Nonalignment sought autonomy through varied policies rather than absolute absence of alliances or cooperation. Development and political transitions produced uneven benefits and burdens. A familiar case cannot represent an entire continent. Distinguish a change in state institutions from the persistence or transformation of social and economic inequalities. Application: A record documents unequal rights and segregated arrangements. This most directly illustrates apartheid. A lesson includes diverse participants in political change. This most directly illustrates anti-apartheid struggle.

Objective: Explain south african transition 1994 and african contemporary diversity, distinguish their meanings, and apply them to a described case.

South African transition 1994: The 1994 elections marked a democratic transition without automatically ending all inequalities. African contemporary diversity: States and communities have varied political, economic, and social trajectories. Cold War and postcolonial histories combined external pressures with local goals and choices. Nonalignment sought autonomy through varied policies rather than absolute absence of alliances or cooperation. Development and political transitions produced uneven benefits and burdens. A familiar case cannot represent an entire continent. Distinguish a change in state institutions from the persistence or transformation of social and economic inequalities. Application: A chronology distinguishes institutional change from continuing challenges. This most directly illustrates south african transition 1994. A report compares specific evidence rather than one continent-wide label. This most directly illustrates african contemporary diversity.