Waves, Sound, and Light flashcards

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What is a wave?Wave Properties and Models: A propagating disturbance that transfers energy and momentum.
What is a mechanical wave?Wave Properties and Models: A disturbance requiring a material medium.
What is a transverse wave?Wave Properties and Models: Oscillation perpendicular to propagation in a simple model.
What is a longitudinal wave?Wave Properties and Models: Oscillation parallel to propagation in a simple model.
What is wavelength?Wave Properties and Models: Spatial period of a repeating wave.
What is frequency?Wave Properties and Models: Number of cycles per second.
What is period?Wave Properties and Models: Time per cycle, T = 1/f.
What is amplitude?Wave Properties and Models: Largest departure from equilibrium for the measured oscillation.
What is reflection?Wave Properties and Models: A wave returning from a boundary.
What is transmission?Wave Properties and Models: A wave passing into or through another region.
What is interference?Wave Properties and Models: Superposition of overlapping waves.
What is a node?Wave Properties and Models: A location of very small amplitude in a standing-wave pattern.
What is sound?Sound and Hearing: A mechanical disturbance that travels through a medium.
What is a compression?Sound and Hearing: A region of higher pressure or density in a longitudinal sound wave.
What is a rarefaction?Sound and Hearing: A lower-pressure or lower-density region.
Can sound travel through ideal vacuum?Sound and Hearing: No.
What mainly controls perceived pitch?Sound and Hearing: Frequency in common sound situations.
What is sound intensity?Sound and Hearing: Sound power per area.
What is the intensity unit?Sound and Hearing: W/m².
What does +10 dB mean for intensity?Sound and Hearing: Ten times the intensity under the standard level definition.
What is an echo?Sound and Hearing: Sound reflected back after a delay.
What is echo distance?Sound and Hearing: d = vt/2 for a round-trip pulse.
What is the Doppler effect?Sound and Hearing: Observed-frequency shift from relative motion.
What happens to observed pitch as a source approaches?Sound and Hearing: It generally rises in the standard sound model.
What is an electromagnetic wave?Electromagnetic Spectrum: A propagating electric and magnetic field disturbance.
What is c in vacuum?Electromagnetic Spectrum: About 3.00 × 10⁸ m/s.
What relation links c, f, and λ?Electromagnetic Spectrum: c = fλ in vacuum.
Does EM radiation need matter to travel?Electromagnetic Spectrum: No.
What is the long-to-short EM order?Electromagnetic Spectrum: Radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-ray, gamma.
Is visible light the whole spectrum?Electromagnetic Spectrum: No, it is a narrow band.
Which visible color has longer wavelength: red or violet?Electromagnetic Spectrum: Red.
Are spectrum band boundaries exact natural walls?Electromagnetic Spectrum: No; they are conventional categories.
What is absorption of radiation?Electromagnetic Spectrum: Transfer of incoming wave energy into matter.
What is transmission?Electromagnetic Spectrum: Radiation passing through a material.
What is ionizing radiation?Electromagnetic Spectrum: Radiation able to remove bound electrons under relevant conditions.
What does a meaningful exposure claim specify?Electromagnetic Spectrum: Type, intensity or dose, duration, and outcome.
What is the normal?Reflection and Refraction: A line perpendicular to a surface at the point of incidence.
What is the law of reflection?Reflection and Refraction: Incident angle equals reflected angle from the normal.
What is specular reflection?Reflection and Refraction: Orderly reflection from a smooth surface.
What is diffuse reflection?Reflection and Refraction: Reflection scattered by differently oriented surface regions.
What is refraction?Reflection and Refraction: Change in wave direction at a boundary due to speed change.
What is refractive index?Reflection and Refraction: n = c/v for light in a medium.
What stays fixed at a stationary boundary?Reflection and Refraction: Frequency of the transmitted wave.
What is dispersion?Reflection and Refraction: Wavelength-dependent refraction or speed.
What determines perceived color?Reflection and Refraction: Illumination, material interaction, and observer response.
What does an ideal red filter do?Reflection and Refraction: Transmit red and reduce many other visible wavelengths.
Does a prism create new colors?Reflection and Refraction: No, it separates wavelengths present in incident light.
What is white light?Reflection and Refraction: A mix of visible wavelengths in common contexts.
What is a virtual image?Lenses, Mirrors, and Image Formation: An apparent image location where rays do not actually converge.
How far behind a plane mirror is the image?Lenses, Mirrors, and Image Formation: The object’s perpendicular distance in front.
Can the plane-mirror virtual image be directly projected there?Lenses, Mirrors, and Image Formation: No.
What size is the ideal plane-mirror image?Lenses, Mirrors, and Image Formation: The same size as the object.
What is a focal point?Lenses, Mirrors, and Image Formation: A point where paraxial parallel rays meet after a converging lens.
What is a real image?Lenses, Mirrors, and Image Formation: An image formed where rays actually converge, projectable on a screen.
What is a virtual magnified lens image?Lenses, Mirrors, and Image Formation: An upright apparent image when the object is inside the focal length.
What is the thin-lens relation?Lenses, Mirrors, and Image Formation: 1/f = 1/d_o + 1/d_i with a stated sign convention.
What does a diverging lens do to parallel rays?Lenses, Mirrors, and Image Formation: Spreads them as if they came from a focal point.
What image does a diverging lens normally make of a real object?Lenses, Mirrors, and Image Formation: Upright, reduced, virtual.
What does a convex mirror normally make?Lenses, Mirrors, and Image Formation: Upright, reduced, virtual image.
Can a concave mirror make a real image?Lenses, Mirrors, and Image Formation: Yes, for suitable object distances.