Solutions and Chemical Applications flashcards

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What is a solution?Solutions and Concentration: A homogeneous mixture at the scale being studied.
What is a solute?Solutions and Concentration: A substance distributed through a solvent.
What is a solvent?Solutions and Concentration: The medium in which a solute is dispersed.
What is a suspension?Solutions and Concentration: A mixture with particles that can settle.
What is mass concentration in g/L?Solutions and Concentration: Grams of solute per liter of final solution.
What is mass percent?Solutions and Concentration: Solute mass divided by total solution mass times 100%.
What is molarity?Solutions and Concentration: Moles of solute per liter of solution.
Does concentrated mean saturated?Solutions and Concentration: No; these describe different properties.
What remains constant in an ideal dilution?Solutions and Concentration: The amount of solute.
What is the dilution equation?Solutions and Concentration: C₁V₁ = C₂V₂ for compatible concentration and volume units.
What does V₂ mean?Solutions and Concentration: Final total solution volume.
Why can dilution lower concentration?Solutions and Concentration: The same solute occupies more solution volume.
What is solubility?Solubility and Dissolving: Equilibrium amount that can dissolve under specified conditions.
What is saturated?Solubility and Dissolving: At the equilibrium solubility limit.
What is unsaturated?Solubility and Dissolving: Below the solubility limit.
What is supersaturated?Solubility and Dissolving: Above the usual equilibrium amount, often unstable.
What does stirring often change?Solubility and Dissolving: Rate of dissolving.
What does crushing a solid often increase?Solubility and Dissolving: Exposed surface area and dissolution rate.
Are rate and solubility the same?Solubility and Dissolving: No.
Does every solid become more soluble when heated?Solubility and Dissolving: No; the trend depends on the substance.
What pressure matters for a dissolved gas?Solubility and Dissolving: Its partial pressure above the liquid.
What often happens to gas solubility when its pressure rises?Solubility and Dissolving: It increases at fixed temperature.
Why does opened soda lose CO₂?Solubility and Dissolving: Lower CO₂ pressure shifts equilibrium toward escape.
What often happens to gas solubility in warmer water?Solubility and Dissolving: It decreases for many gases.
What is a Brønsted acid?Acids, Bases, and pH: A proton donor.
What is a Brønsted base?Acids, Bases, and pH: A proton acceptor.
What is acid strength?Acids, Bases, and pH: Extent of ionization under specified conditions.
What is concentration?Acids, Bases, and pH: Amount of solute per amount of solution.
What does pH summarize?Acids, Bases, and pH: Hydronium activity in an aqueous system.
What is neutral pH near 25 °C?Acids, Bases, and pH: Approximately 7.
What does one pH unit represent?Acids, Bases, and pH: About a tenfold hydronium change in the idealized scale.
What is an acid base indicator?Acids, Bases, and pH: A substance with a pH dependent color range.
How do pH 2 and pH 5 compare in hydronium measure?Acids, Bases, and pH: pH 2 is about 1000 times greater in the idealized model.
Can pH alone determine total acid amount?Acids, Bases, and pH: No; volume and chemistry matter.
Why calibrate a pH meter?Acids, Bases, and pH: To support accurate readings.
What should be controlled in a pH comparison?Acids, Bases, and pH: Temperature and measurement conditions.
What is neutralization?Neutralization and Salts: An acid base reaction, often making water and a salt in simple cases.
What is the net ionic process for strong acid and strong base in water?Neutralization and Salts: Hydronium plus hydroxide forms water.
Do equal volumes ensure neutrality?Neutralization and Salts: No; concentration and stoichiometry matter.
Is equivalence always pH 7?Neutralization and Salts: No; weak acid or base chemistry can shift pH.
What is a salt in this context?Neutralization and Salts: An ionic substance of cations and anions.
What makes an electrolyte solution conductive?Neutralization and Salts: Mobile ions.
Is dissolved NaCl overall charged?Neutralization and Salts: No; positive and negative charges balance.
What formula balances Ca²⁺ and Cl⁻?Neutralization and Salts: CaCl₂.
What is a titration?Neutralization and Salts: A measured reaction used to infer an unknown amount.
What is equivalence point?Neutralization and Salts: Stoichiometrically matching reactant amounts.
What is an indicator endpoint?Neutralization and Salts: An observed signal near a selected reaction point.
What conversion is needed for molarity with mL?Neutralization and Salts: Convert milliliters to liters.
What is a hydrocarbon?Carbon Compounds and Polymers: A compound containing only carbon and hydrogen.
What is an alkene?Carbon Compounds and Polymers: A hydrocarbon with a carbon–carbon double bond.
What are isomers?Carbon Compounds and Polymers: Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures.
What is a functional group?Carbon Compounds and Polymers: An atom group influencing properties and reactions.
What is a monomer?Carbon Compounds and Polymers: A building block used to form a polymer.
What is a polymer?Carbon Compounds and Polymers: A large molecule or network with repeating units.
What is cross-linking?Carbon Compounds and Polymers: Links between polymer chains.
Is cellulose a polymer?Carbon Compounds and Polymers: Yes, a natural polymer.
What does bio-based mean?Carbon Compounds and Polymers: Made partly or wholly from biological feedstocks.
What does biodegradable mean?Carbon Compounds and Polymers: Can be broken down biologically under specified conditions.
Do resin codes guarantee local recyclability?Carbon Compounds and Polymers: No.
What is life cycle assessment?Carbon Compounds and Polymers: Comparison across production, use, and end of life under stated assumptions.