Bonds and Chemical Reactions flashcards

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What are valence electrons?Valence Electrons and Bonding Models: Electrons most involved in bonding in a simple main-group model.
What is a Lewis symbol?Valence Electrons and Bonding Models: A symbol with dots for valence electrons.
Is the octet rule universal?Valence Electrons and Bonding Models: No; it is a limited heuristic.
Why can a bond form?Valence Electrons and Bonding Models: A combined arrangement can be energetically favorable.
What is ionic bonding?Valence Electrons and Bonding Models: Attraction among oppositely charged ions.
What is covalent bonding?Valence Electrons and Bonding Models: Sharing of electron density between atoms.
What is metallic bonding?Valence Electrons and Bonding Models: Bonding with delocalized electrons in a metal structure.
Does NaCl solid form a lattice?Valence Electrons and Bonding Models: Yes.
Does bond breaking require energy?Valence Electrons and Bonding Models: Yes.
What happens when a bond forms?Valence Electrons and Bonding Models: Energy is released in a comparable model.
What is activation energy?Valence Electrons and Bonding Models: An energy barrier along a reaction pathway.
Does a catalyst change the net energy difference?Valence Electrons and Bonding Models: No, it changes the pathway rate/barrier.
What is a cation?Ionic and Covalent Substances: A positively charged ion.
What is an anion?Ionic and Covalent Substances: A negatively charged ion.
How do simple ionic formulas balance?Ionic and Covalent Substances: Total positive and negative charges sum to zero.
What is a formula unit?Ionic and Covalent Substances: Simplest whole-number ratio in an ionic solid.
What does a molecular formula tell?Ionic and Covalent Substances: Types and counts of atoms in a molecule.
What is a bonding pair?Ionic and Covalent Substances: Shared electron pair in a Lewis model.
What is a lone pair?Ionic and Covalent Substances: Valence-electron pair not shown as bonding to another atom.
Is water linear?Ionic and Covalent Substances: No, the molecule is bent.
Why can molten ionic material conduct?Ionic and Covalent Substances: Its ions can move.
Why does a solid ionic crystal often conduct poorly?Ionic and Covalent Substances: Ions are fixed in the lattice.
Can all covalent substances be treated alike?Ionic and Covalent Substances: No; molecular and network structures differ.
What affects solubility?Ionic and Covalent Substances: Interactions among solute, solvent, and conditions.
What is a subscript?Chemical Formulas and Naming: A count inside one chemical formula.
What is a coefficient?Chemical Formulas and Naming: A multiplier of an entire formula in an equation.
What does Ca(OH)₂ contain?Chemical Formulas and Naming: One Ca, two O, and two H.
What does an absent subscript mean?Chemical Formulas and Naming: One atom of that element in the formula unit.
What is NaCl called?Chemical Formulas and Naming: Sodium chloride.
What does iron(III) mean?Chemical Formulas and Naming: Iron ion charge +3 in the named compound.
What does di- mean in common molecular naming?Chemical Formulas and Naming: Two.
What is a polyatomic ion?Chemical Formulas and Naming: A charged group of bonded atoms.
What is relative formula mass?Chemical Formulas and Naming: Sum of relative atomic masses indicated by a formula.
What is approximate H₂O relative mass?Chemical Formulas and Naming: 18 using H ≈ 1 and O ≈ 16.
What is molar mass unit?Chemical Formulas and Naming: g/mol.
What is mass percent?Chemical Formulas and Naming: Component mass divided by total mass times 100%.
What is a chemical reaction?Evidence and Types of Reactions: Rearrangement of atoms into different substances.
What is a precipitate?Evidence and Types of Reactions: A solid formed from a solution during a process.
Do bubbles alone prove a reaction?Evidence and Types of Reactions: No; boiling can make vapor bubbles.
Are atoms conserved in ordinary chemical reactions?Evidence and Types of Reactions: Yes.
What is synthesis as a pattern?Evidence and Types of Reactions: Several reactants form a more complex product.
What is decomposition as a pattern?Evidence and Types of Reactions: One reactant forms simpler products.
What is single replacement?Evidence and Types of Reactions: An element replaces another in a compound in an overall pattern.
Does a pattern prove a reaction occurs?Evidence and Types of Reactions: No.
What is combustion?Evidence and Types of Reactions: Rapid oxidation with an oxidizer under suitable conditions.
What is oxidation in electron accounting?Evidence and Types of Reactions: Loss of electrons.
What is reduction?Evidence and Types of Reactions: Gain of electrons.
What can incomplete hydrocarbon combustion produce?Evidence and Types of Reactions: CO or soot among other products.
What does balancing conserve?Balancing Equations and Reaction Energy: The count of each element in an ordinary chemical equation.
What can be changed while balancing?Balancing Equations and Reaction Energy: Coefficients before complete formulas.
What must not be changed?Balancing Equations and Reaction Energy: Subscripts that define substances.
Is a balanced equation proof a reaction occurs?Balancing Equations and Reaction Energy: No.
What is a stoichiometric ratio?Balancing Equations and Reaction Energy: A coefficient-based ratio of reacting or produced amounts.
What is a limiting reactant?Balancing Equations and Reaction Energy: The reactant exhausted first under the equation ratio.
What is theoretical yield?Balancing Equations and Reaction Energy: Maximum predicted product from the limiting reactant in an ideal model.
Can actual yield be lower?Balancing Equations and Reaction Energy: Yes.
What is an exothermic reaction?Balancing Equations and Reaction Energy: One transferring energy to surroundings overall.
What is an endothermic process?Balancing Equations and Reaction Energy: One absorbing energy from surroundings overall.
What is activation energy?Balancing Equations and Reaction Energy: The pathway barrier to reaction.
What does a catalyst change?Balancing Equations and Reaction Energy: Pathway barrier and often rate, not net endpoint energy difference.