Enlightenment and Revolution flashcards

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What is meant by “Enlightenment” in this lesson?Enlightenment arguments: Enlightenment debates emphasized reason and critique in varied intellectual and political projects.
What is meant by “Natural rights” in this lesson?Enlightenment arguments: Natural-rights arguments claimed rights not dependent solely on a ruler's gift.
What is meant by “Separation of powers” in this lesson?Enlightenment arguments: Separation divides public authority among institutions to limit concentration.
What is meant by “Social contract” in this lesson?Enlightenment arguments: Social-contract theories explain political legitimacy through relations or agreements among people and authority.
What is meant by “Public sphere” in this lesson?Enlightenment arguments: A public sphere describes spaces and networks for discussion with unequal historical access.
What is meant by “Enlightenment contradictions” in this lesson?Enlightenment arguments: Universal-sounding ideals often coexisted with slavery, empire, and exclusion.
What is meant by “Old Regime” in this lesson?French Revolution: The Old Regime organized unequal statuses and institutions before the Revolution.
What is meant by “Fiscal crisis” in this lesson?French Revolution: A fiscal crisis concerned revenue, debt, and political obstacles to reform.
What is meant by “National Assembly” in this lesson?French Revolution: The National Assembly claimed representative authority during the revolutionary break in 1789.
What is meant by “Rights declaration” in this lesson?French Revolution: The 1789 declaration articulated rights and sovereignty claims with contested historical application.
What is meant by “Revolutionary radicalization” in this lesson?French Revolution: Radicalization intensified conflict and coercive policies amid war and domestic struggle.
What is meant by “Women's political action” in this lesson?French Revolution: Women participated in revolutionary activity while facing unequal political rights.
What is meant by “Napoleonic rule” in this lesson?Napoleon and the Vienna settlement: Napoleonic rule combined administrative reform with concentrated authority and military expansion.
What is meant by “Napoleonic Code” in this lesson?Napoleon and the Vienna settlement: The civil code standardized legal arrangements while preserving important inequalities.
What is meant by “Continental warfare” in this lesson?Napoleon and the Vienna settlement: Warfare mobilized resources and reshaped territories across Europe.
What is meant by “Congress of Vienna” in this lesson?Napoleon and the Vienna settlement: The 1814–1815 settlement reorganized Europe after Napoleon's defeat.
What is meant by “Balance of power” in this lesson?Napoleon and the Vienna settlement: Balance-of-power arrangements sought to prevent domination by one state.
What is meant by “Restoration limits” in this lesson?Napoleon and the Vienna settlement: Restoration recovered some dynastic authority without fully recreating pre-revolutionary society.