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Chemistry of Life flashcards
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- What does “Atom” mean?Atoms and Bonds in Living Systems
- The basic unit of an element, identified by its proton number.
- What does “Element” mean?Atoms and Bonds in Living Systems
- A substance made of atoms with the same proton number.
- What does “Molecule” mean?Atoms and Bonds in Living Systems
- Two or more atoms chemically joined.
- What does “Compound” mean?Atoms and Bonds in Living Systems
- A substance containing atoms of different elements chemically joined.
- What does “Covalent bond” mean?Atoms and Bonds in Living Systems
- A bond formed by sharing electron pairs.
- What does “Ion” mean?Atoms and Bonds in Living Systems
- An atom or group carrying a net charge.
- What does “Ionic attraction” mean?Atoms and Bonds in Living Systems
- Attraction between oppositely charged ions.
- What does “Hydrogen bond” mean?Atoms and Bonds in Living Systems
- A weaker attraction involving a partially positive hydrogen.
- What does “Reactant” mean?Atoms and Bonds in Living Systems
- A starting substance in a chemical reaction.
- What does “Product” mean?Atoms and Bonds in Living Systems
- A substance formed by a chemical reaction.
- What does “Conservation of matter” mean?Atoms and Bonds in Living Systems
- Atoms are rearranged, not created or destroyed, in ordinary reactions.
- What does “Chemical pathway” mean?Atoms and Bonds in Living Systems
- A connected series of reactions.
- What does “Polar molecule” mean?Water and Its Properties
- A molecule with an uneven distribution of electrical charge.
- What does “Partial charge” mean?Water and Its Properties
- A small difference in charge caused by uneven electron sharing.
- What does “Hydrogen bond in water” mean?Water and Its Properties
- Attraction between water molecules at their partial charges.
- What does “Water molecule” mean?Water and Its Properties
- H₂O: two hydrogens covalently bonded to one oxygen.
- What does “Cohesion” mean?Water and Its Properties
- Attraction between molecules of the same substance.
- What does “Adhesion” mean?Water and Its Properties
- Attraction between water and another surface.
- What does “Specific heat” mean?Water and Its Properties
- Energy required to change a substance’s temperature.
- What does “Evaporative cooling” mean?Water and Its Properties
- Heat removal as higher-energy molecules leave a liquid.
- What does “Solute” mean?Water and Its Properties
- The component dissolved in a solution.
- What does “Solvent” mean?Water and Its Properties
- The component that dissolves the solute.
- What does “pH” mean?Water and Its Properties
- A logarithmic measure of acidity in an aqueous solution.
- What does “Buffer” mean?Water and Its Properties
- A system that resists large pH changes.
- What does “Glucose” mean?Carbohydrates and Lipids
- A simple sugar used in many cellular processes.
- What does “Polysaccharide” mean?Carbohydrates and Lipids
- A chain of many sugar units.
- What does “Starch” mean?Carbohydrates and Lipids
- A plant storage carbohydrate.
- What does “Cellulose” mean?Carbohydrates and Lipids
- A structural carbohydrate in plant cell walls.
- What does “Triglyceride” mean?Carbohydrates and Lipids
- A glycerol linked to three fatty acids.
- What does “Phospholipid” mean?Carbohydrates and Lipids
- A lipid with a water-attracting head and water-avoiding tails.
- What does “Bilayer” mean?Carbohydrates and Lipids
- Two layers of phospholipids forming a membrane foundation.
- What does “Steroid” mean?Carbohydrates and Lipids
- A lipid with a characteristic set of fused rings.
- What does “Energy storage molecule” mean?Carbohydrates and Lipids
- A molecule that can hold chemical energy for later use.
- What does “Structural carbohydrate” mean?Carbohydrates and Lipids
- A sugar-based material providing support, such as cellulose.
- What does “Membrane lipid” mean?Carbohydrates and Lipids
- A lipid, often a phospholipid, contributing to a membrane.
- What does “Biomolecule function” mean?Carbohydrates and Lipids
- The role a molecule performs in a particular biological context.
- What does “Amino acid” mean?Proteins and Enzymes
- A building block of proteins.
- What does “Peptide bond” mean?Proteins and Enzymes
- A covalent link between amino acids in a chain.
- What does “Protein folding” mean?Proteins and Enzymes
- The chain taking on a functional three-dimensional shape.
- What does “Side chain” mean?Proteins and Enzymes
- The variable chemical group of an amino acid.
- What does “Enzyme” mean?Proteins and Enzymes
- A biological catalyst that speeds a reaction.
- What does “Substrate” mean?Proteins and Enzymes
- A reactant acted on by an enzyme.
- What does “Active site” mean?Proteins and Enzymes
- A region where a substrate interacts with an enzyme.
- What does “Activation energy” mean?Proteins and Enzymes
- The energy barrier to beginning a reaction.
- What does “Enzyme activity” mean?Proteins and Enzymes
- The rate at which an enzyme helps a reaction under stated conditions.
- What does “Optimal condition” mean?Proteins and Enzymes
- A condition giving high activity for a particular enzyme in a test.
- What does “Denaturation” mean?Proteins and Enzymes
- A disruption of molecular structure that can reduce function.
- What does “Cofactor” mean?Proteins and Enzymes
- A nonprotein helper required by some enzymes.
- What does “Nucleotide” mean?Nucleic Acids
- A sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base together.
- What does “Sugar-phosphate backbone” mean?Nucleic Acids
- The linked support structure of a nucleic acid strand.
- What does “Base sequence” mean?Nucleic Acids
- The order of bases carrying information.
- What does “Gene” mean?Nucleic Acids
- A DNA region associated with a functional product or its regulation.
- What does “DNA” mean?Nucleic Acids
- A nucleic acid storing hereditary information in cellular life.
- What does “RNA” mean?Nucleic Acids
- A nucleic acid with roles in using and regulating information.
- What does “Messenger RNA” mean?Nucleic Acids
- An RNA carrying information used to build a protein.
- What does “Complementary bases” mean?Nucleic Acids
- Bases pairing according to chemical rules.
- What does “ATP” mean?Nucleic Acids
- A molecule that transfers energy between cellular processes.
- What does “ADP” mean?Nucleic Acids
- A related molecule produced when ATP is hydrolyzed.
- What does “Energy coupling” mean?Nucleic Acids
- Linking a favorable process to one needing energy.
- What does “ATP regeneration” mean?Nucleic Acids
- Rebuilding ATP using energy from other processes.